Transmission and Risks of Antibiotic Resistance in Tilapia Gut Microbiome

Abstract

The escalating global demand for animal-derived protein has driven the expansion of aquaculture, especially tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) farming. This review examines the impact of unregulated antibiotic use in tilapia aquaculture on the emergence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within its gut microbiome. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature reveals that ARGs conferring resistance to tetracyclines, sulfonamides, β-lactams, and fluoroquinolones are prevalent in tilapia gut microbiomes. These genes pose critical risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health, particularly through transmission along the food chain and contamination of surrounding environments. Key findings from the literature include the identification of ARGs such as tetA, sul1, and blaTEM, which are often associated with mobile genetic elements, facilitating their spread. The review highlights the need for regulatory frameworks, responsible antibiotic use, and alternative health management practices to mitigate the risks associated with ARG dissemination.